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</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">QuikSCAT</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Artist conception of QuikSCAT</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> / <a href="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1999-034A">1999-034A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">25789</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quikscat/">winds<wbr>.jpl<wbr>.nasa<wbr>.gov<wbr>/missions<wbr>/quikscat<wbr>/</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">10 years, 4 months (achieved)<br>26 years, 1 month, 19 days (in orbit)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ball_Aerospace_%26_Technologies_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp.">Ball Aerospace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">970 kilograms (2,140 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">874 watts</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">19 June 1999, 02:15:00<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1999-06-19UTC02:15</span>)</span> UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Titan_23G" title="Titan 23G">Titan II(23)G</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base">Vandenberg</a> <a href="Vandenberg_AFB_Space_Launch_Complex_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 4">SLC-4W</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deactivated</th><td class="infobox-data">November 23,2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">2009-11-24</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Semi-major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">Semi-major axis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,180.8 kilometers (4,461.9 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.0001431</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">807.9 kilometres (502.0 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Apsis" title="Apsis">Apogee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">809.8 kilometres (503.2 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">98.6175 degrees</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100.93 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Longitude_of_the_ascending_node" title="Longitude of the ascending node">RAAN</a></th><td class="infobox-data">101.8215 degrees</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Argument_of_periapsis" title="Argument of periapsis">Argument of perigee</a></th><td class="infobox-data">71.6425 degrees</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Mean_anomaly" title="Mean anomaly">Mean anomaly</a></th><td class="infobox-data">308.4160 degrees</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Mean_motion" title="Mean motion">Mean motion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14.27019630</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repeat interval</th><td class="infobox-data">≈4 days (57 orbits)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 September 2013, 12:15:56 UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Revolution <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data">74382</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Main Scatterometer</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="SeaWinds" class="mw-redirect" title="SeaWinds">SeaWinds</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resolution</th><td class="infobox-data">Nominal 25 km Standard<br>(5 and 12.5 km special)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <b>QuikSCAT</b> (<b>Quick Scatterometer</b>) was an <a href="Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation satellite</a> carrying the <b>SeaWinds</b> <a href="Scatterometer" title="Scatterometer">scatterometer</a>. Its primary mission was to measure the surface <a href="Wind_speed" title="Wind speed">wind speed</a> and <a href="Wind_direction" title="Wind direction">direction</a> over the ice-free global oceans via its effect on <a href="Water_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Water wave">water waves</a>. Observations from QuikSCAT had a wide array of applications, and contributed to climatological studies, weather forecasting, meteorology, oceanographic research, marine safety, commercial fishing, tracking large icebergs, and studies of land and sea ice, among others. This SeaWinds scatterometer is referred to as the QuikSCAT scatterometer to distinguish it from the nearly identical SeaWinds scatterometer flown on the <a href="ADEOS_II" title="ADEOS II">ADEOS-2</a> satellite.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_description">Mission description</h2></div>

<p>QuikSCAT was launched on 19 June 1999 with an initial 3-year mission requirement. QuikSCAT was a "quick recovery" mission replacing the <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Scatterometer (NSCAT), which failed prematurely in June 1997 after just 9.5 months in operation. QuikSCAT, however, far exceeded these design expectations and continued to operate for over a decade before a bearing failure on its antenna motor ended QuikSCAT's capabilities to determine useful surface wind information on 23 November 2009. The QuikSCAT geophysical data record spans from 19 July 1999 to 21 November 2009. While the dish could not rotate after this date, its radar capabilities remained fully intact. It continued operating in this mode until the full mission was terminated on October 2, 2018. Data from this mode of the mission was used to improve the accuracy of other satellite surface wind datasets by inter-calibrating other Ku-band scatterometers.

</p><p>QuikSCAT measured winds in measurement swaths 1,800 km wide centered on the satellite <a href="Ground_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground track">ground track</a> with no nadir gap, such as occurs with fan-beam scatterometers such as NSCAT. Because of its wide swath and lack of in-swath gaps, QuikSCAT was able to collect at least one vector wind measurement over 93% of the World's Oceans each day. This improved significantly over the 77% coverage provided by NSCAT. Each day, QuikSCAT recorded over 400,000 measurements of wind speed and direction. This is hundreds of times more surface wind measurements than are collected routinely from ships and buoys.

</p><p>QuikSCAT provided measurements of the wind speed and direction referenced to 10 meters above the sea surface at a spatial resolution of 25 km. Wind information cannot be retrieved within 15–30 km of coastlines or in the presence of sea ice. Precipitation generally degrades the wind measurement accuracy,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although useful wind and rain information can still be obtained in mid-latitude and tropical cyclones for monitoring purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-D.G._Long_2011._pp._857-869_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D.G._Long_2011._pp._857-869-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to measuring surface winds over the ocean, scatterometers such as QuikSCAT can also provide information on the fractional coverage of sea ice, track large icebergs (>5 km in length), differentiate types of ice and snow, and detect the freeze–thaw line in polar regions.

</p><p>While the rotating dish antenna can no longer spin as designed, the rest of the instrument remains functional and data transmission capabilities remain intact, although it cannot determine the surface vector wind. It can, however, still measure radar backscatter at a fixed azimuth angle. QuikSCAT is being used in this reduced mode to cross-calibrate other scatterometers in hopes of providing long-term and consistent surface wind datasets over multiple on-orbit scatterometer platforms, including the operational <a href="European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT)</a> Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) on <a href="MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp-A</a> and <a href="MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp-B</a>, India's <a href="Oceansat-2" title="Oceansat-2">Oceansat-2</a> scatterometer operated by the <a href="ISRO" title="ISRO">Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)</a>, and the China's HaiYang-2A (HY-2A) scatterometer operated by China's National Satellite Ocean Application Service, as well as future NASA scatterometer missions in development. A NASA Senior Review panel in 2011 endorsed the continuation of the QuikSCAT mission with these modified objectives through 2018. QuikSCAT was declared fully decommissioned on October 2, 2018.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrument_description">Instrument description</h2></div>

<p>SeaWinds used a rotating dish antenna with two spot beams that sweep in a circular pattern. The antenna consists of a 1-meter diameter rotating dish that produces two spot beams, sweeping in a circular pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It radiates 110 W microwave pulses at a pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 189 Hz. QuikSCAT operates at a frequency of 13.4 GHz, which is in the <a href="Ku-band" class="mw-redirect" title="Ku-band">Ku-band</a> of microwave frequencies. At this frequency, the atmosphere is mostly transparent to non-precipitating clouds and aerosols, although rain produces significant alteration of the signal.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The spacecraft is in a <a href="Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous orbit</a>, with equatorial crossing times of ascending swaths at about 06:00 LST ±30 minutes. Along the equator, consecutive swaths are separated by 2,800 km. QuikSCAT orbits Earth at an altitude of 802 km and at a speed of about 7 km per second.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement_description">Measurement description</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wind_measurement_accuracy">Wind measurement accuracy</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measurement_principles">Measurement principles</h3></div>

<p>Scatterometers such as QuikSCAT emit pulses of low-power microwave radiation and measure the power reflected back to its receiving antenna from the wind-roughened sea surface. Gravity and capillary waves on the sea surface caused by the wind reflect or backscatter power emitted from the scatterometer radar primarily by means of a <a href="Bragg_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Bragg scattering">Bragg resonance</a> condition. The wavelengths of these waves are roughly 1 cm and are usually in equilibrium with the local surface wind. Over water surfaces, the microwave backscatter is highly correlated with the surface wind speed and direction. The particular wavelength of the surface waves is determined by the wavelength of the microwave radiation emitted from the scatterometer's radar.

</p><p>QuikSCAT consists of an active microwave radar that infers surface winds from the roughness of the sea surface based on measurements of radar backscatter cross section, denoted as σ<sub>0</sub>. σ<sub>0</sub> varies with surface wind speed and direction relative to the antenna azimuth, incidence angle, polarization, and radar frequency. QuikSCAT uses a dual-beam, conically scanning antenna that samples the full range of azimuth angles during each antenna revolution. Backscatter measurements are obtained at fixed incidence angles of 46° and 54°, providing up to four views of each region of the surface at different incidence angles.

</p><p>Standard processing of the QuikSCAT measurements yields a spatial resolution of about 25 km. A higher spatial resolution of 12.5 km is also achieved through special processing, but has significantly more measurement noise. An even higher spatial resolution of 5 km is also produced, but only for limited regions and special cases.

</p><p>The σ<sub>0</sub> observations are calibrated to the wind speed and direction of the wind at a reference height of 10 meters above the sea surface.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_and_launch">Construction and launch</h2></div>

<p>In 1996, the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) was launched aboard the Japanese Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (<a href="ADEOS_I" title="ADEOS I">ADEOS-1</a>). This satellite was designed to record surface winds over water across the world for several years. However, an unexpected failure in 1997 led to an early termination of the NSCAT project. Following this briefly successful mission, NASA began constructing a new satellite to replace the failed one. They planned to build it and have it prepared for launch as soon as possible to limit the gap in data between the two satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAnews1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAnews1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In just 12 months, the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) satellite was constructed and ready to be launched, faster than any other NASA mission since the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAnews2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAnews2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The QuikSCAT project was originally budgeted at $93 million, including the physical satellite, the launch rocket, and ongoing support for its science mission.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of rocket failures in November 1998 grounded the <a href="Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">Titan (rocket family)</a> launcher fleet, delayed the launch of QuikSCAT, and added $5 million to this initial cost.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A new instrument, the SeaWinds scatterometer, was carried on the satellite. The SeaWinds instrument, a specialized microwave radar system, measured both the speed and direction of winds near the ocean surface. It used two radars and a spinning antenna to record data across nine-tenths of the oceans of the world in a single day. It recorded roughly four hundred thousand wind measurements daily, each covering an area 1,800 kilometers (1,100 mi) in width.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAnews2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAnews2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> and the NSCAT team jointly managed the project of construction of the satellite at the <a href="Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>. <a href="Ball_Aerospace_%26_Technologies_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp.">Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp.</a> supplied the materials to construct the satellite.

</p><p>In light of the record-setting construction time, engineers who worked on the project were given the American Electronics Achievement Award. This was only achieved due to the new type of contract made specifically for this satellite. Instead of the usual year given to select a contract and initiate development, it was constrained to one month.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAnews3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAnews3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The newly constructed satellite was set to launch on a <a href="Titan_23G" title="Titan 23G">Titan II</a> rocket from <a href="Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base">Vandenberg Air Force Base</a> in California. The rocket lifted off at 7:15 pm <a href="Pacific_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Daylight Time">PDT</a> on 19 June 1999. Roughly two minutes and thirty seconds after launch, the first engine was shut down and the second was engaged as it moved over the <a href="Baja_California_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Peninsula">Baja California Peninsula</a>. A minute later, the nose cone, at the top of the rocket, separated into two parts. Sixteen seconds later, the rocket was re-oriented to protect the satellite from the sun. For the next 48 minutes, the two crafts flew over Antarctica and later over Madagascar, where the rocket reached its desired altitude of 500 mi (800 km).<sup id="cite_ref-Launch_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Launch-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>At 59 minutes after launch, the satellite separated from the rocket and was pushed into its circular orbit around Earth. Shortly after, the solar arrays were deployed and connection was established with the satellite at 8:32 pm PDT with a tracking station in Norway. For the next two weeks, the shuttle used bursts from its engine to fine-tune its location and correct its course to the desired motion. On July 7, eighteen days after take-off, the scatterometer was turned on and a team of 12 personnel made detailed reviews of function of QuikSCAT. A month after entering orbit, the team completed the checks, and QuikSCAT began collecting and transmitting backscatter measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-Launch_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Launch-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weather_Forecasting">Weather Forecasting</h3></div>

<p>Many operational <a href="Numerical_weather_prediction" title="Numerical weather prediction">numerical weather prediction</a> centers began <a href="Data_assimilation" title="Data assimilation">assimilating</a> QuikSCAT data in early 2002, with preliminary assessments indicating a positive impact.<sup id="cite_ref-atlasetal2001bams_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlasetal2001bams-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. <a href="National_Centers_for_Environmental_Prediction" title="National Centers for Environmental Prediction">National Centers for Environmental Prediction</a> (NCEP) and the <a href="European_Centre_for_Medium-Range_Weather_Forecasts" title="European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts">European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts</a> (ECMWF) led the way by initiating assimilation of QuikSCAT winds beginning, respectively, on 13 January 2002 and 22 January 2002. QuikSCAT surface winds were an important tool for analysis and forecasting at the U.S. <a href="National_Hurricane_Center" title="National Hurricane Center">National Hurricane Center</a> since becoming available in near–real time in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-brennanetal2009waf_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brennanetal2009waf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>QuikSCAT wind fields were also used as a tool in the analysis and forecasting of extratropical cyclones and maritime weather outside the tropics at the U.S. <a href="Ocean_Prediction_Center" title="Ocean Prediction Center">Ocean Prediction Center</a><sup id="cite_ref-vonahnetal2006waf_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vonahnetal2006waf-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the U.S. <a href="National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-atlasetal2001bams_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlasetal2001bams-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cheltonetal2006mwr_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheltonetal2006mwr-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Data was also provided in real-time over most of the ice-free global oceans, including traditionally data-sparse regions of the ocean where few observations exist, such as in the <a href="Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> and the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

</p><p>QuikSCAT observations are provided to these operational users in near-real-time (NRT) in <a href="BUFR" title="BUFR">binary universal form for the representation of meteorological data (BUFR)</a> format by the <a href="NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NOAA/NESDIS)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hoffman_leidner2004waf_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffman_leidner2004waf-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data latency goal is 3 hours, and almost all data are available within 3.5 hours of measurement. To meet these requirements, the QuikSCAT NRT data processing algorithms combine the finest-grained backscatter measurements into fewer composites than the science data algorithms. Otherwise the QuikSCAT NRT processing algorithms are identical to the science data algorithms.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceanography">Oceanography</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_Variability">Climate Variability</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tropical_Cyclones">Tropical Cyclones</h3></div>

<p>Applications of QuikSCAT in operational tropical cyclone analysis and forecasting at the National Hurricane Center include identifying and locating the center of <a href="Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a>, estimating its intensity, and wind radii analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-D.G._Long_2011._pp._857-869_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D.G._Long_2011._pp._857-869-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brennanetal2009waf_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brennanetal2009waf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scatterometer's ability to record wind speeds at the surface allows meteorologists to determine whether a low pressure area is forming and enhance the ability to predict sudden changes in structure and strength.

</p><p>The first tropical cyclone captured by the SeaWinds instrument was <a href="1999_Pacific_typhoon_season#Typhoon_Olga_(Ising)" title="1999 Pacific typhoon season">Typhoon Olga</a> in the <a href="Pacific_typhoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific typhoon">western Pacific basin</a>. The system was monitored by the satellite from its generation on July 28 to its demise in early August.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAolga_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAolga-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2007, <a href="Bill_Proenza" title="Bill Proenza">Bill Proenza</a>, the head of the <a href="National_Hurricane_Center" title="National Hurricane Center">National Hurricane Center</a> at the time, stated in a public message that the loss of the QuikSCAT satellite would harm the quality of hurricane forecasts.<sup id="cite_ref-KKSS1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSS1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This followed a battery anomaly in which the spacecraft was temporarily unable to perform nominal science observations due to limited power.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claimed that three-day forecasts would be roughly 16% less accurate following the loss of QuikSCAT.<sup id="cite_ref-PBP1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBP1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position was controversial as it relied on unpublished data.<sup id="cite_ref-KKSS1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSS1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the satellite aids in forecasting hurricane position and intensity, it does not do so exclusively.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2009_bearing_failure">2009 bearing failure</h2></div>

<p>In mid-2009, a gradual deterioration in the bearings of the antenna's rotation mechanism was noticed. Friction caused by this deterioration slowed the rotation rate of the antenna, leading to gaps in data recorded by QuikSCAT. The antenna ultimately failed on November 23, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAnov24_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAnov24-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon failing, it was announced that the satellite was likely at the end of its mission and would no longer be used.<sup id="cite_ref-CIMSSnov23_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIMSSnov23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sensor on the satellite was confirmed to have failed around 0700 <a href="Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>. The loss only affected the real-time scanning equipment; the long-term data collection remained intact and operational.<sup id="cite_ref-PBP1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBP1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to NASA, the failure resulted from the age of the satellite. The mechanism that seized was designed to last only five years; however, it remained operational for roughly ten years, twice its expected use. On November 24, NASA managers began to assess how extensively affected the satellite was and if it was possible to restart the spinning antenna. Contingency plans for what to do in the event of QuikSCAT's failure were also reviewed.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAnov24_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAnov24-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A replacement for this spacecraft, <a href="ISS-RapidScat" title="ISS-RapidScat">ISS-RapidScat</a>, was launched in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">European Remote-Sensing Satellite</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-NASAolga-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASAolga_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_Writer1999" class="citation web cs1">Staff Writer (August 9, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217090324/http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/publications/olga.cfm">"SeaWinds Captures Fury of Typhoon Olga"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/publications/olga.cfm">the original</a> on February 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-KKSS1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KKSS1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSS1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKen_Kayes2009" class="citation web cs1">Ken Kayes (November 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weblogs.sun-sentinel.com/news/weather/hurricane/blog/2009/11/quikscat_satellite_dies.html">"QuikSCAT satellite dies"</a>. Sun Sentinel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_Writer2007" class="citation web cs1">Staff Writer (December 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601135541/http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/node/119">"QuikSCAT Data Gaps Due to Battery Anomaly"</a>. <i>Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center</i>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/node/119">the original</a> on 1 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-PBP1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PBP1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PBP1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEliot_Kleinberg2009" class="citation news cs1">Eliot Kleinberg (November 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126012308/http://blogs.palmbeachpost.com/eyeonthestorm/2009/11/23/quikscat-satellite-goes-down/">"QuikSCAT satellite goes down"</a>. <i>The Palm Beach Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.palmbeachpost.com/eyeonthestorm/2009/11/23/quikscat-satellite-goes-down/">the original</a> on November 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CIMSSnov23-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIMSSnov23_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIMSSnov23_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_Writer2009" class="citation web cs1">Staff Writer (November 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/3898">"QuikSCAT satellite ceases operations"</a>. CIMSS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NASAnov24-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASAnov24_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASAnov24_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Buis2009" class="citation web cs1">Alan Buis (November 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091130031344/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/quickscat20091123.html">"NASA Assessing New Roles for Ailing QuikScat Satellite"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/quickscat20091123.html">the original</a> on November 30, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coaps.fsu.edu/scatterometry/about/overview.php">"Scatterometry - Overview"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130114072422/http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quikscat/index.cfm">Jet Propulsion Laboratory homepage for QuikSCAT</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manati.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/products/QuikSCAT.php">QuikSCAT on NOSA</a></li></ul>

<p><br>

</p>

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</style><div id="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></i></li>

<li><a href="ACRIMSAT" title="ACRIMSAT">ACRIMSAT</a></li>

<li><a href="Advanced_Spaceborne_Thermal_Emission_and_Reflection_Radiometer" title="Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer">ASTER</a></li>

<li><a href="Atmospheric_infrared_sounder" title="Atmospheric infrared sounder">Atmospheric infrared sounder</a> (AIRS)</li>

<li><a href="Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li>

<li><a href="GRACE-FO" class="mw-redirect" title="GRACE-FO">GRACE-FO</a></li>

<li><i><a href="InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li>

<li><a href="W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck observatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Large_Binocular_Telescope" title="Large Binocular Telescope">Large Binocular Telescope</a> (LBT)</li>

<li><i><a href="2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a></i></li>

<ul><li><a href="Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> (MRO)</li>

<li><a href="Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> (MSL)</li>

<li><a href="Microwave_limb_sounder" title="Microwave limb sounder">Microwave limb sounder</a> (MLS)</li>

<li><a href="Multi-angle_imaging_spectroradiometer" title="Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer">Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer</a> (MISR)</li>

<li><a href="Soil_Moisture_Active_Passive" title="Soil Moisture Active Passive">Soil Moisture Active Passive</a> (SMAP)</li>

<li><a href="Tropospheric_Emission_Spectrometer" title="Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer">Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer</a> (TES)</li>

<li><a href="Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini-Huygens</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)"><i>Deep Impact</i></a></li>

<li><i><a href="Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li>

<li><a href="GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li>

<li><a href="Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a>

<ul><li><a href="Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">spacecraft</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)"><i>Genesis</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment">GRACE</a></li>

<li><a href="Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a></li>

<li><a href="Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a></li>

<li><a href="Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)"><i>Magellan</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a> (MarCO)</li>

<li><i><a href="Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">Near-Earth Asteroid Scout</a></li>

<li><a href="Scatterometer" title="Scatterometer">NSCAT</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)"><i>Rosetta</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Seasat" title="Seasat">Seasat</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle_Radar_Topography_Mission" title="Shuttle Radar Topography Mission">Shuttle Radar Topography Mission</a> (SRTM)</li>

<li><a href="Solar_Mesosphere_Explorer" title="Solar Mesosphere Explorer">Solar Mesosphere Explorer</a> (SME)</li>

<li><a href="Spaceborne_Imaging_Radar" title="Spaceborne Imaging Radar">Spaceborne Imaging Radar</a> (SIR)</li>

<li><a href="Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)"><i>Stardust</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li>

<li><a href="Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">SVLBI</a></li>

<li><a href="TOPEX/Poseidon" title="TOPEX/Poseidon">TOPEX/Poseidon</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)"><i>Ulysses</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li>

<li><a href="Wide_Field_and_Planetary_Camera" title="Wide Field and Planetary Camera">Wide Field and Planetary Camera</a> (WFPC)</li>

<li><a href="Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">Wide Field Infrared Explorer</a> (WIRE)</li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li>

<li><a href="Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li>

<li><a href="Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer">FINESSE</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a> (AFL)</li>

<li><a href="Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a> (MAX-C)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone Complex</a></li>

<li><a href="Table_Mountain_Observatory" title="Table Mountain Observatory">Table Mountain Observatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_System_Ambassadors" title="Solar System Ambassadors">Solar System Ambassadors</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="JPL_Science_Division" title="JPL Science Division">JPL Science Division</a></li>

<li><a href="Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1998Orbital_launches_in_19992000_→618" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="←_1998Orbital_launches_in_19992000_→618" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="1998_in_spaceflight" title="1998 in spaceflight">← 1998</a></div><a href="1999_in_spaceflight" title="1999 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1999</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="2000_in_spaceflight" title="2000 in spaceflight">2000 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a></li>

<li><a href="Formosat-1" title="Formosat-1">ROCSAT-1</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li>

<li>Globalstar 23, Globalstar 36, Globalstar 38, Globalstar 40</li>

<li><a href="Galaxy_26" title="Galaxy 26">Telstar 6</a></li>

<li><a href="JCSAT-4A" title="JCSAT-4A">JCSAT-6</a></li>

<li><u><a href="Soyuz_TM-29" title="Soyuz TM-29">Soyuz TM-29</a></u></li>

<li><a href="ARGOS_(satellite)" title="ARGOS (satellite)">ARGOS</a>, <a href="%C3%98rsted_(satellite)" title="Ørsted (satellite)">Ørsted</a>, <a href="SUNSAT" title="SUNSAT">SUNSAT</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabsat_3A" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabsat 3A">Arabsat 3A</a>, <a href="Skynet_4E" class="mw-redirect" title="Skynet 4E">Skynet 4E</a></li>

<li>Globus No.15</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">Wide Field Infrared Explorer</a></li>

<li>Globalstar 23, Globalstar 37, Globalstar 41, Globalstar 46</li>

<li><a href="AsiaSat_3S" title="AsiaSat 3S">AsiaSat 3S</a></li>

<li>DemoSat</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Progress_M-41" title="Progress M-41">Progress M-41</a>, <a href="Sputnik_99" title="Sputnik 99">Sputnik 99</a></li>

<li><a href="INSAT-2E" title="INSAT-2E">INSAT-2E</a></li>

<li>Eutelsat W3</li>

<li>Globalstar 19, Globalstar 42, Globalstar 44, Globalstar 45</li>

<li><a href="Landsat_7" title="Landsat 7">Landsat 7</a></li>

<li><a href="UoSAT-12" title="UoSAT-12">UoSAT-12</a></li>

<li><i>Ikonos-1</i></li>

<li><a href="ABRIXAS" title="ABRIXAS">ABRIXAS</a>, Megsat-0</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Orion_3" title="Orion 3">Orion 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Feng_Yun_1C" class="mw-redirect" title="Feng Yun 1C">Feng Yun 1C</a>, Shijian 5</li>

<li><a href="TERRIERS" class="mw-redirect" title="TERRIERS">TERRIERS</a>, <a href="MUBLCOM" title="MUBLCOM">MUBLCOM</a></li>

<li><a href="Nimiq_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimiq 1">Nimiq 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Oceansat-1" title="Oceansat-1">Oceansat-1</a>, <a href="Kitsat-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitsat-3">Kitsat-3</a>, <a href="DLR-Tubsat" title="DLR-Tubsat">DLR-Tubsat</a></li>

<li><u><a href="STS-96" title="STS-96">STS-96</a></u> (Starshine 1)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Globalstar 25, Globalstar 47, Globalstar 49, Globalstar 52</li>

<li>Iridium 14A, Iridium 21A</li>

<li><a href="Astra_1H" title="Astra 1H">Astra 1H</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>Molniya 3-50</li>

<li>Globalstar 30, Globalstar 32, Globalstar 35, Globalstar 51</li>

<li><a href="Progress_M-42" title="Progress M-42">Progress M-42</a></li>

<li>Okean-O No.1</li>

<li><u><a href="STS-93" title="STS-93">STS-93</a></u> (<a href="Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra</a>)</li>

<li>Globalstar 26, Globalstar 28, Globalstar 43, Globalstar 48</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Telkom_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Telkom 1">Telkom 1</a>, Globalstar 24, Globalstar 27, Globalstar 53, Globalstar 54</li>

<li>Kosmos 2365</li>

<li>Kosmos 2366</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Koreasat_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Koreasat 3">Koreasat 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Yamal-101" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamal-101">Yamal-101</a>, <a href="Yamal-102" title="Yamal-102">Yamal-102</a></li>

<li>Foton 12</li>

<li>Globalstar 33, Globalstar 50, Globalstar 55, Globalstar 58</li>

<li><a href="EchoStar_V" title="EchoStar V">EchoStar V</a></li>

<li>Ikonos 2</li>

<li><a href="Galaxy_27" title="Galaxy 27">Telstar 7</a></li>

<li>Resurs F-1M</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>DirecTV-1R</li>

<li><a href="CBERS-1" title="CBERS-1">CBERS-1</a>, <a href="SACI-1" title="SACI-1">SACI-1</a></li>

<li>Globalstar 31, Globalstar 56, Globalstar 57, Globalstar 59</li>

<li><a href="Telstar_12" title="Telstar 12">Orion 2</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Ekspress_A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekspress A1">Ekspress A1</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><i><a href="MTSAT-1" class="mw-redirect" title="MTSAT-1">MTSAT-1</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Shenzhou_1" title="Shenzhou 1">Shenzhou 1</a></li>

<li>Globalstar 29, Globalstar 34, Globalstar 39, Globalstar 61</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="H%C3%A9lios_1B" title="Hélios 1B">Hélios 1B</a>, <a href="Cl%C3%A9mentine_(satellite)" title="Clémentine (satellite)">Clémentine</a></li>

<li>Orbcomm FM30, Orbcomm FM31, Orbcomm FM32, Orbcomm FM33, Orbcomm FM34, Orbcomm FM35, Orbcomm FM36</li>

<li><a href="XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a></li>

<li><a href="Terra_(satellite)" title="Terra (satellite)">Terra</a></li>

<li><a href="Arirang-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Arirang-1">Arirang-1</a>, <a href="ACRIMSAT" title="ACRIMSAT">ACRIMSAT</a>, <a href="Celestis" title="Celestis">Millennial</a></li>

<li><a href="Galaxy_11" title="Galaxy 11">Galaxy 11</a></li>

<li>Kosmos 2367</li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_2368" title="Kosmos 2368">Kosmos 2368</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-26" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=QuikSCAT&oldid=1292335690">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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